Diesel fuel does not have higher octane. Actually, it's
much lower. See
Octane rating - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Volatility isn't related to octane rating. Neither is energy content.
While I wouldn't be surprised at getting different formulations of fuel, there are so many far more likely explanations of random tanks having large fluctuations in fuel economy that it's really not on the list of things I'd bother looking at.