Looking at the graph also shows how P&G works. Lets say the driver is humming along at 2000rpm/35mph and can get 55mpg in that gear. By Increasing load while maintaining the same speed, via giving the engine lots of throttle and popping up to 40mph, the coasting down to 30mph, etc... the average BSFC can be near 300g/kWh instead of the ~425g/kWh at a cruise and mileage can be ~77mpg at the same average speed. The "increasing polynomial"/Road Load line can be broken up into the rolling resistance portion and aero resistance portion, like on page 6 of
this (also includes driveline losses. If ya check out the rolling resistance and drive line losses portion, you may notice they are pretty much a straight line. This is kinda nice since it means that if we can cut our energy requirements at low speed in half, while still P&G'ing, we can just about double our mileage.
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